Brexit has happened. UK and EU finally split as a New Year dawns.
But what are the key changes?
This time there are no mass celebrations — or public mourning — of the event. Pandemic restrictions put paid to the type of scenes that greeted the UK’s departure from the EU last January.
That moment was largely technical, symbolic. Eleven months on, this one brings real, tangible, immediate change.
The shift in power that has beckoned ever since the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union in June 2016, finally takes place from New Year’s Day.
The post-Brexit transition period, which has kept the UK temporarily attached to most EU rules, expired at midnight CET (23.00 UK time on December 31).
As of January 1, 2021, the UK is no longer inside the EU’s Single Market and Customs Union. People and businesses will notice the difference as at last — more than four-and-a-half years since the UK’s EU referendum — significant changes begin kicking in.
- Brexit Timeline 2016–2020: key events in the UK’s path from referendum to EU exit
- Post-Brexit Guide: Where are we now – and how did we get here?
Living, travelling, working won’t be the same
The impact will be felt by millions of people with links between the UK and the EU as they live, travel, work and study in countries other than their own.
The EU’s freedom of movement principle no longer applies to the UK, which will introduce a new immigration policy.
Travel between the UK and the continent, and vice-versa, brings new restrictions — with new rules affecting passports, the length of stay, healthcare, driving, insurance, mobile charges and travel for pets.
Working in each other’s territories may require a visa, and professional qualifications may no longer be recognized across borders. The UK is leaving the EU’s Erasmus+ student exchange program.
Residency rights for EU nationals now living in the UK — and Britons living on the continent — are already protected.
But no longer will people be able to move freely between the UK and the EU in the future.
Gibraltar remains in the EU’s borderless Schengen zone following a last-minute deal with Spain.
- Life after Brexit: What will change for people in 2021 when the UK is free of EU rules?
For business, new red tape will bite
The UK’s decision to leave the EU Single Market and Customs Union frees it up to implement an independent trade policy outside the bloc.
But there will be new barriers between the EU and Great Britain — although arrangements for Northern Ireland are different (see below).
New border rules will mean customs declarations and checks on goods between the two major trading partners.
Where products come from will become important: rules of origin will have a knock-on effect on supply chains, while VAT will be due on imports.
Instead of one single regulatory framework there will now be two, bringing further checks and controls as the UK goes its own way over standards.
A combination of stockpiling and pandemic border closures brought logjams to roads leading to Channel ports in the run-up to the end of the transition period, and there are fears of further disruption to supply chains from January.
On New Year’s Eve the UK government published updated advice on new EU trading requirements, with examples for GB-EU trade.
- Life after Brexit: What will change for businesses in 2021 even with the UK-EU trade deal?
- Europe’s major ports are ready for Brexit. Here’s how they did it
Last-ditch trade deal limits damage
The post-Brexit EU-UK deal on trade and future ties struck on Christmas Eve preserves tariff-free, quota-free access to each other’s markets.
It banished the threat of a catastrophic “no-deal scenario” that could have sent thousands of businesses to the wall.
However, it comes with many strings attached. The two sides can diverge on the likes of employment and environmental standards, but there are safeguards — a “rebalancing mechanism” governed by arbitration — to ensure fair competition.
The UK is beyond the remit of EU law or the European Court of Justice (ECJ). But challenges are possible in each other’s courts, and punitive measures may be taken if subsidies distort trade.
And for service industries — highly important to the UK — further uncertainty beckons, as the deal contains only vague commitments. Financial services are not covered at all, to be dealt with by a separate process.
Science and security: Cooperation to continue
Beyond trade, scientific cooperation will continue with the UK still a paying member of the EU’s Horizon Europe program for seven years. It will also remain in Copernicus and Euratom.
There will still be cross-border police investigations and law enforcement. The UK will remain in some EU security exchange programs, but will no longer be part of the European Arrest Warrant or Europol.
The UK will also stay in the European Convention on Human Rights.
- Brexit deal: UK announces ‘Canada-style’ arrangement with EU after December 31
- Brexit deal: what changed on key issues to get the agreement?
The freedom to fish
The trade deal brought a five-and-a-half-year transition period on fisheries. During that time, EU access to UK waters will be cut by a quarter, and British quotas will be increased.
Annual negotiations will then take place, but the EU can take retaliatory action if access is further reduced. And the UK, which sells most of its fish into the EU, is likely to continue to need the European market.
- UK fishermen face new uncertainties over post-Brexit trade deal
New status for Northern Ireland
Although a part of the UK, Northern Ireland nonetheless begins implementing new border formalities with Great Britain in order to keep an open land border with the Irish Republic, an EU member.
Northern Ireland remains aligned to the EU Single Market for goods and will follow EU customs rules, although it leaves the Customs Union along with the rest of the UK.
In December, an agreement was struck between the UK and the EU on implementing the complicated arrangements contained in the 2019 divorce deal that sealed the UK’s exit from the bloc.
- Brexit: UK agrees to withdraw controversial plan to breach international law
A celebration for some, a wake for others
Predictably, UK and EU politicians view the day and its meaning in contrasting ways:
“We are going to open… a new chapter in our national story, striking free trade deals around the world… and reasserting global Britain as a liberal, outward-looking force for good. Detaching ourselves from the EU is only a prelude to the greater task of establishing our new role.” — Boris Johnson, UK Prime Minister.
“My colleagues in the European Research Group have fought long and hard for this day, and we have sometimes been lampooned or even vilified by the Remain-dominated electronic media for our trouble when all we have ever wanted is one thing – to live in a free country that elects its own government and makes its own laws here in Parliament and then lives under them in peace.” — Mark Francois, Tory MP and member of the nationalist ERG.
“Today is a victory for a poisonous nationalistic populism over liberal rules-based internationalism and it’s a very bad, and for me very painful, day.” — Roger Liddle, opposition Labor Party member of the House of Lords.
“We were European before we were British… In time, this country, Scotland, will return to membership of the EU. And in so doing, we will simply make the choice we have made for centuries.” — Michael Russell, President, Scottish National Party (SNP).
“Scotland will be back soon, Europe. Keep the light on.” — Nicola Sturgeon, First Minister of Scotland and SNP leader.
“The United Kingdom remains our neighbor but also our friend and ally… This choice of leaving Europe, this Brexit, was the child of European malaise and lots of lies and false promises.” — Emmanuel Macron, French President.
“It’s a day that will be historic, that will be sad… But we also have to look toward the future. A number of lessons must be drawn from Brexit, starting with lies, I think, that were told to the British. And we will see that what was promised — a sort of total freedom, a lack of restrictions, of influence — I think will not happen.” — Clément Beaune, France’s Europe minister.
